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Illinois Institute of Technology (Stuart)

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Illinois Institute of Technology (Stuart) 565 West Adams Street
Chicago, IL, 60661
United States
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Demographic Information

Number of full-time MBA students (2011): 

51

Number of part-time MBA students (2011): 

12

Total duration of full-time MBA program: 

24 months

MBA faculty (Fall 2010): 

55

Females as percent of student body: 

39%


Description of MBA Program: 

The Stuart School of Business at the Illinois Institute of Technology offers an enhanced MBA curriculum that prepares students for managing the “Next Economy.”  While courses are still offered for the past “manufacturing” economy and the current “service” economy, emphasis is placed on the “next” economy that is being driven by globalization, demographics, technology and the environment.  The program focuses on strategic competitiveness, a theme that integrates the concepts of innovation, creativity, sustainability, leadership, and entrepreneurship. Our recently hired faculty have doctoral degrees from leading universities such as Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, Duke University, Yale University, University of California-Berkeley and University of Chicago.


For over 15 years, Stuart had offered an MS in Environmental Management that addressed issues ranging from pollution prevention to sustainability. Given our deepening emphasis on sustainability, the degree is now an MS in Environmental Management and Sustainability. Eight courses from this program focus on energy and sustainability, and the concepts from these courses are also integrated in the courses offered to MBA students.  These include courses like Business Strategy: The Sustainable Enterprise, Carbon Management and Climate Change, Sustainable Communities, Industrial Ecology and Energy Environment and Economics.  Stuart also offers joint degrees with IIT’s Kent College of Law where a student can earn both an MBA and a JD, or a joint MBA/MS degree.  Courses on sustainability are also available to students in IIT’s Institute of Design, College of Architecture and College of Engineering.


MBA students at the Stuart School may choose a concentration in “Sustainable Enterprise” that prepares them for management careers in firms with sustainability programs. Our students engage in consulting opportunities with local firms and/or communities to assess and improve sustainability practices. The Stuart School offers many co-curricular opportunities to enhance students’ involvement in such activities ranging from Net Impact, speaker series, seminars and conferences.



How does the MBA program 'walk the talk' of social and environmental impact?: 

IIT Stuart has provided a leadership role in campus sustainable practices in the following ways:

1.  We lead the way in the early years of this century by incorporating dual flush water devices in all restrooms in building areas we control.

2.  We have successfully urged the implementation of a Performance Contract that has replaced all lighting in the building with the latest low watt fixtures in all public areas, private offices and classrooms along with the replacement of all required egress signage with LED fixtures.

3.  We lead the way in forming a chapter of Net Impact which remains most active. and reaches out to students from other Chicago campuses.

4.  The Stuart School has created in 2009 a summer long high school program, Academy for Future Leaders in Science and Technology, designed to grow and diversify tomorrow's workforce trained in STEM areas with emphasis on Environmental Management and Sustainability (http://www.stuart.iit.edu/csc/CSC_academy_for_future_leaders.shtml).  The School partners with 6 City of Chicago High Schools and is preparing for its third class of students for summer 2011.  Fifty students have completed this program since its launch in 2009.

5.  The Stuart School has launched the Sustainable Entrepreneurial Economic Development (SEED) initiative (http://www.stuart.iit.edu/csc/seed.shtml) designed to address economic development in rural America.  Projects are currently underway in Orange, MA and are in the planning stages for two small towns in Illinois.

6.  Stuart is engaged through the Center for Strategic Competitiveness (http://www.stuart.iit.edu/csc/index.shtml) and the Knapp Entrepreneurship Center (http://knappcenter.iit.edu/) in a Federally funded Small Business Administration Grant that is focused on creating new businesses and growing existing businesses in areas that support the Smart Grid.

7.  Stuart has had an active recycling program for at least 8 years; in 2010 the School invested in more efficient bins and enlarged the number of these bins to expand the program and make it more accessible to our students, faculty and staff.

8.  Stuart has one of the first if not the first Graduate Degree Programs in Environmental Management located in a Business School in the country.  In 2007 the Program was expanded to include a focus on Sustainability and in 2007 the MBA Program incorporated a concentration in Sustainable Enterprise along with bringing "green" into the program in many of our core areas including Supply Chain Management, Marketing and Finance.

9.  Stuart has hired a net of two new full time faculty whose PhD training is in Environmental Management and Sustainability areas (http://www.stuart.iit.edu/about/faculty/weslynne_ashton.shtml and http://www.stuart.iit.edu/about/faculty/david_ehrlich.shtml) both of whom are actively teaching in our MS EMS Program as well as our MBA Program.

10.  In 2009 Stuart added the Master of Public Administration Program to our offerings which includes a focus on not-for-profit management along with governmental policy.

11.  Stuart has a large contingent of Internationals students from China and India all of whom are gaining some level of exposure to the issues of Environmental Management and the Sustainable Enterprise though their masters education at Stuart.  While some of these students will remain in the US most will return to their home country and bring their deeper concern for the Environment to the two largest countries in the world in term of population.

12.  Stuart has partnered with City Year (http://www.cityyear.org/default_ektid13307.aspx) to offer generous scholarships for the length of study in their BS or Masters level programs in business to all City Year graduates who come to Stuart.  Stuart lead the way to urge the Illinois Institute of Technology to provide similar scholarships to all City Year graduates that come to IIT for the bachelor degree regardless of major.  As a result there are many new students that bring their City Year "Year of Giving" experience and philosophy to the classrooms.

13.  Stuart has partnered with City Year Annually to provide student teams who volunteer a Day of Service to the City of Chicago each Martin Luther King Day; a holiday the University and the State of Illinois celebrate.

14.  Stuart has worked with the University to bring an aggressive recycling program to campus and IIT has won regional competitions for having recycled the most.

15.  Stuart faculty have partnered with IIT faculty in electrical engineering to undertake a major study in wind energy that is federally funded (http://www.iit.edu/departments/pr/mediaroom/article_viewer_db.php?articl...) and will form a partnership with the academic community and the private sector to enhance the amount of energy provided from renewable sources.  Representing Stuart in this effort is Assistant Professor Navid Sabbaghi (http://www.stuart.iit.edu/about/faculty/navid_sabbaghi.shtml).

16.  Stuart and Stuart Faculty have partnered with the IIT WISER Institute (http://www.iit.edu/research/centers/IITResearchCentersIITServiceEducatio...) to explore greater use of renewable energy for the City.

17.  The School is engaged in a comprehensive graduate curriculum revision that will include a formal integration of our various masters degrees (MBA, Environmental Management and Sustainability, Master of Public Administration and Master of Marketing Communication) in ways that will more effectively engage social, ethical and environmental issues in all programs at introductory levels as well as in advanced topics.

 

Academic Department

Course Name: Business Strategy: The Sustainable Enterprise
Instructor: Weslynne Ashton

This course integrates environmental management issues with use of strategic planning tools for assessing and responding to the driving forces of the “next” economy: globalization, technology, demographics and the environment. The course looks at the challenge of corporations competing in the global economy of the new millennium in such a way that will allow the planet to support them indefinitely. Emphasis is on the company's ability to build and sustain a competitive advantage utilizing traditional management concepts as well as new sustainability practices. Topics include: The Natural Step, the "Base of the Pyramid" strategy, the "servicizing" concept, and biomimicry; and various case studies showing how an enterprise can meet the “triple bottom line” while guest speakers present real world examples.

Course Name: Complex Organization
Instructor: Various

Analyzes how large public and non-profit administrative agencies are organized, led and managed. Examines relationships between the chief executive, line management operations and support staff. Considers relations between organization and its environment, the importance of inter-organizational networks, and the role of power in organizational life.

Course Name: Energy, Environment and Economics
Instructor: Robert Anderson

This course deals with the linkage of energy, environmental and economic issues. The impact of energy supply and end-use on human well-being and the ecosystem is covered. It also includes a comprehensive approach to the resolution of resource, technical, economic, strategic, environmental, socio- and geopolitical problems of the energy industries. In addition, pathways to a sustainable global energy system are presented.

Course Name: Environmental & Occupational Risks Assessment and Mgmt
Instructor: Nasrin Khalili

The course provides an overview of the tools and techniques used to 1) assess environmental (human health), ecological, and occupational risks associated with exposure to environmental pollutants resulting from natural phenomena, economic development and industrial growth, 2) examine current risk management and mitigation methods and strategies, and 3) design visionary risk management strategies grounded on a framework of operations in line with the principles of sustainable development.

Course Name: Environmental Economics and Climate Change
Instructor: Nasrin Khalili

n overview of the modeling market process is provided focusing on externalities, environmental problems and environmental quality. Economic solutions to environmental problems are discussed using a market approach which includes modeling emission charges, modeling a product charge, modeling per unit subsidy on pollution reduction and modeling pollution permit trading systems and practice. The course examines intuition economic solutions to address environmental problems such as climate change, global warming and water scarcity.

Course Name: Environmental Law & Compliance
Instructor: Keith Harley

This course begins with an analysis of The Solid Waste Disposal Act (and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). It will then familiarize students with an environmental manager’s duties in permitting, reporting, record keeping and sampling. It emphasizes a systematic approach to identifying obligations with respect to regulated media and developing appropriate responses. Obligations under United States environmental laws, their relationship to state and local laws, and state and local obligations are considered as a model for analysis and response. Practical applications of permitting, monitoring, record keeping and reporting will also be included.

Course Name: Environmental Law & Regulation
Instructor: Jim Berry

This course will introduce students to the major federal and state statutes and regulatory programs that govern pollution from industrial, commercial, and public sources. The course will emphasize the organization of the government regulatory agencies, the techniques of environmental regulation, the interplay of federal and state environmental regulation, environmental enforcement, and environmental litigation. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Clean Air Act, Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Endangered Species Act will be the main statutes used to illustrate the workings of the pollution control statutes. The role of environmental law in the international arena will also be discussed.

Course Name: Ethics & Professional Responsibility
Instructor: Various

Focuses on the ethical problems and issues faced by individuals in nonprofit and public service organizations. Examines questions related to corruption, abuse of power, financial impropriety, ethics codes and standards in government and professional fields, whistle-blowing, and many other topics related to front-page concerns and individual problems of conscience and judgment. Traces the growth of concern about the standards of ethical behavior in government and nonprofits in the U.S.

Course Name: Financial and Management Accounting
Instructor: Dr. Charles Hamilton

This course is an introduction to the basic financial and managerial accounting topics: GAAP, the major financial statements, accrual accounting, financial reporting alternatives, financial statement analysis, cost behavior, cost systems, short- and long-term decision-making and product costing, and a review of environmental accounting.

Course Name: Industrial Ecology
Instructor: Weslynne Ashton

This course introduces the students the philosophy of Industrial Ecology, and how this systems-based approach can move society toward a more sustainable future. Industrial Ecology is an interdisciplinary field involving technology (science and engineering), public policy and regulatory issues, and business administration. The major goal of this course is to promote creative and comprehensive problem solving as it might be applied to product, business and systems models. The course introduces tools such as Industrial Metabolism, Input-Output Analysis, Life Cycle Assessment, and Design for the Environment. Individual and team projects are a significant part of the learning experience in this course

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Type of Offering

Finding Green Careers Event
Date: September, 2010

This event is part of the City's Green Tech U program. Participants will learn how to pursue a career path in the new green economy.

Mayoral Candidate Green Debate Forum
Date: December, 2010

This forum focuses on the following question:

Will the next Mayor of Chicago continue Mayor Daley's quest of transforming Chicago into America's greenest city?

This forum presents an opportunity for Chicago's mayoral candidates to reveal their environmental platforms.

Featured participants include:

Gery Chico, Danny Davis, Miguel Del Valle, Carol Moseley-Braun, and Patricia Van Pelt Watkins. Rahm Emanuel and James Meeks have also been invited.

This special edition of Green Drinks features a larger venue cosponsored by IIT-Chicago-Kent College of Law, with light refreshments by the Green Chicago Restaurant Co-op and Goose Island Brewery. Don’t miss this opportunity to actively shape Chicago’s climate future.

Take 5 Cocktail Reception
Type: Networking Reception
Date: November, 2010

This event was hosted in partnership with Enterprise Community Partners. It presented a great opportunity for students to network and hear from young leaders who are changing the world.

Business Case for Sustainability
Date: October, 2010

Steve Arbaugh, Vice President of Brand Alignment and Experience for the Americas division of Interface Inc., will discuss his company's journey towards sustainability.

Interface, Inc. was one of the first companies to embrace the concept of sustainability back in the mid-1990s. This talk will present insights about Interface's long term vision of sustainability.

Environmental Issues: Art of the Pitch
Date: April, 2010

This networking and training seminar was organized jointly by IIT Net Impact and the Jules F Knapp Entrepreneurship Center.

For any business graduate student, presentation skills and public speaking are key ingredients to success in the real world, not just in class. Interpersonal relations are becoming increasingly important in the green industries.

Key focus topics included:

-Are you confident in your presentation skills?

-Do you want to learn the art of pitching your ideas, fine tune your class presentations, and feel confident in your public speaking ability?

This event provided students the opportunity to learn the skills to capture and hold your audience.

Big Business, Big Responsibilities: The Insider View on Business' Role in Tackling Sustainability Challenges
Type: Net Impact Conference Call
Date: October, 2010

Speakers at this event include:

(a) Dustan Hope, Managing Director, BSR;

(2) Andy Wales, Director of Sustainability Development SABMiller;

(3) Matthew Gorman, Director of Corporate Responsbility & Environment, BAA Ltd.

Fund Formation and Potential CleanTech Trends

Jason Schmitt

Clean Technology Fund Manager, ArcelorMittal

“Fund Formation and Potential CleanTech Trends”

The Green Economy Map: Where Your Skills Fit in the Green
Type: Net Impact Conference Call
Date: September, 2010

This event featured a presentation by Carol McClelland, PhD, Founder and Executive Director of Green Career Central

Carbon Nation Movie Screening
Type: Movie Screening
Date: April, 2010

In celebration of Earth Day, please join IIT Net Impact and The Stuart School of Business, Illinois Institute of Technology to welcome Craig Sieben and a screening of his acclaimed movie Carbon Nation.

Answering the dramatic problems addressed in Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth,"

Carbon Nation is a documentary film about climate change SOLUTIONS.

• Carbon Nation is an optimistic (and witty) discovery of what people are already doing, what we as a nation could be doing, and what the world needs to do to stave off climate change by moving to a low carbon economy.

• Public opinion is sliding the wrong way - far fewer people are concerned about climate change than even a year ago.

Carbon Nation gives a majority of people an entertaining, informed, and pragmatic primer about why it's incredibly smart to be a part of the new, low-carbon economy: it's good business, it emboldens national & energy security and it improves health & the environment.

Fresh Movie Screening
Type: Film Screening
Date: December, 2010

Net Impact Chicago Professional Chapter is partnering with IIT's Net Impact Chapter to bring you "Fresh."

This event features a special screening of a captivating documentary that brings "The Omnivore's Dilemma" to the big screen. Nosh on local, organic food as you learn about some of the challenges to the organic food chain. To learn more about the film, please visit http://www.freshthemovie.com/.

Environmental Career Panel
Date: September, 2010

This Panel focused discussion on successful search for environmental careers.

The current economy seems to aggravate current job seekers. Despite this challenge, there are simple strategies that you can use to increase your chance of receiving that coveted offer letter. Did you know that the majority of jobs are found through networking? Applying to a job listing on a company's website or through a job website is one of the least effective ways of getting a job, even though that is how the majority of people conduct their job hunt!

So what does this mean? Well for one, get out there and start networking! For starters, check out Net Impact’s national website, netimpact.org. This website is a great source for professional development materials, job postings, and local networking events. You can also attend conferences or trade shows for your industry of interest. Or, try joining trade organizations or industry associations. The point is, get your name (and business card!) out to as many people as possible; you never know who will have a job just waiting to be filled!

Panelists in this discussion include:

Megan Morgan Beausang, Chicago Climate Exchange

CJ Driscoll, Community and Economic Development Association (CEDA)

Kate Houlihan, E.ON Climate and Renewables

Wind Farm Tour
Type: Experiential Learning Activity
Date: September, 2010

IIT Net Impact chapter organized a tour of an Illinois wind farm

ir & Waste Management Association Speaker and Reception
Type: Special Event
Date: December, 2010

The Lake Michigan chapter of the Air & Waste Management Association has organized this reception event that also serves as an IIT-Stuart EMS alumni reunion.

Net Impact members are encouraged to attend to learn about career opportunities.

Future is Now: How Sustainability and Climate Change Have Impacted The Practice of Environmental Law
Date: April, 2010

IIT Net Impact chapter organized this presentation by Steven Murawski, Environmental Lawyer with Baker & McKenzie, LLP.

Steven advises US and multinational companies on environmental risks and liabilities associated with their operational, transactional and litigation matters. With the quickly growing focus in the United States on matters involving Climate Change and Sustainability, Mr. Murawski has maintained his solid background in environmental multi-media regulatory matters, while timely keeping clients apprised of the new legal developments that could impact them. Prior to entering private practice, Mr. Murawski served as Assistant Regional Counsel in US Environmental Protection Agency's Region 5 office, where he handled many notable RCRA and Clean Air Act enforcement and permit matters.

Career Services

The MBA program at IIT Stuart has adopted a multi-faceted approach to incorporate social impact and environmental consciousness into its career development initiatives. By combining curricular innovation with global immersion experience, the program prepares students for the managerial challenges in the Next Economy.

The entire MBA curriculum is designed around a cutting-edge framework called "Strategic Competitiveness" that integrates leadership, incisive decision making, entrepreneurship, creativity, innovation and sustainability. The curriculum emphasizes incisive decision-making skills, leadership skills to manage multicultural teams, an entrepreneurial mindset to identify rapidly-emerging opportunities, creativity in developing solutions to exploit these opportunities, innovative thinking to develop new products and services, and a strong appreciation for sustainability to ensure that such solutions do not come at the expense of the environment or the planet. Also, students have the opportunity to specialize in the “Sustainable Enterprise” concentration which helps develop managerial careers in sustainability-oriented organizations.

In addition, they have the opportunity to learn by international immersion. Several Stuart MBA students will be visiting Mexico to study first- hand how companies there are coping with competitiveness and sustainability issues. Similar initiatives are underway for students to study social responsibility, ethics and environmental challenges in countries like India and China.

MBA/JD
MBA/MDes
MBA/LLM
ITESM - IIT Stuart Dual Degree MBA program
MBA/Master of Public Administration

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Acquisition of Organizational Capabilities and Competitive Advantage of IJVs in Transition Economies: The Case of Vietnam
Author(s): ; ; Krishna Erramilli

Using Vietnam as the context, the study empirically examines how the competitive advantage of international joint ventures (IJVs) in transition economies is affected by the acquisition of resources from foreign partners and of local market-based resources. Our study contributes to the nascent literature on IJVs in transition economies by producing several novel and interesting findings. First, it demonstrates the need to modify certain arguments of the resource-based view (RBV) when applied to IJVs in transition economies. This paper shows that the peculiar market characteristics of transition economies serve as an imitation barrier turning even property-based resources into sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Second, the positive impact of knowledge-based resources on the IJV’s competitiveness seems to be significantly enhanced as the ownership by the foreign parent increases. Lastly, competitive advantage of IJVs appears to be strengthened when the transfer of property-based resources is complemented by that of knowledge-based resources, and when the transfer of internal, firm-specific resources is complemented by that of external, market-based ones. We believe that these findings make significant, incremental theoretical and empirical contributions to both the RBV and IJV literatures.

Journal Title: Asia Pacific Journal of Management Volume: 2 Edition: 26 Page Numbers: 285-308
Beyond Copenhagen: How Governments Can Increase Investment
Author(s): Ehrlich, David

In even the highest-expenditure scenarios, government and NGO spending to reduce climate-change causing greenhouse gas emissions will be completely inadequate to mitigate expected damage. This paper examines ways that governments can encourage private investment with no new spending through broad steps such as efficiency improvements using current technology and policies to encourage private investment. Low or no-cost government actions to reduce GHG emissions range from policies to encourage voluntary reductions to policy mandates. While most academic research on the economics of GHG reduction model GDP losses assuming dedicated spending, studies that include more balanced and realistic assumptions find that even current efficiency investments could cut GHG emissions by two-thirds with both positive private and social returns, raising GDP under many assumptions of consumption substitution. Since many such investments pay positive and predictable private returns regardless of their social returns, governments can encourage this investment with little or no spending through cross-subsidies from projects with negative social returns, voluntary reductions, giving consumers more low-polluting market choices, and minimal incentives toward meeting graduated building, electricity, and auto efficiency standards.

Journal Title: Journal of Environmental Investing Volume: 1 Edition: 1 Page Numbers: Online only journal, no print version or page numbers
Firm resources, opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial orientation and performance: the case of Russian women-led family businesses
Author(s):

This paper proposes a framework for studying the roles of entrepreneurial orientation, financial and social capital acquisition and opportunity recognition and their influence on performance expectations on a large sample of women-led family and non-family owned businesses in Russia. Based on our findings, it is possible to conclude that the ability of women entrepreneurs to identify opportunities and thereby determine and exploit the richness of resources in their environment that are aligned with their entrepreneurial strategy is crucial to the subsequent performance of their firms. The impact of being a family business, however, was not shown to be a critical factor in the performance of women-led firms. While much work remains, these findings give scholars and policy makers a better understanding of the critical resources, opportunities and strategies that can influence the growth and performance of female led family firms within transitional economies. Study limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.

Journal Title: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Volume: 12 Edition: Page Numbers: 52-69
Industrial Symbiosis and Waste Recovery in an Indian Industrial Area
Author(s): ; Weslynne Ashton

Recovery, reuse and recycling of industrial residuals, often dismissed as wastes, are common in India and other industrializing countries largely due to lower associated costs. Some wastes are reused within the facility where they are generated, others are reused directly by nearby industrial facilities, and some are recycled via the formal and informal recycling markets. Direct inter-firm reuse is the cornerstone of the phenomenon termed industrial symbiosis, where firms cooperate in the exchange of material and energy resources. This study applies material flow analysis to an economically diverse industrial area in South India to characterize the recovery, reuse and recycling of industrial residuals. It quantifies the generation of waste materials from 42 companies as well as the materials that are directly traded across facilities and those that are either recycled or disposed. This study encompasses a business cluster in Mysore in the State of Karnataka, and is the first in India to thoroughly quantify material flows to identify existing symbiotic connections in an industrial area. Examined industries in this industrial area generate 897,210 metric tons of waste residuals annually, and recover 99.5% of these, with 81% reused by the companies that generated them, and one company, a sugar refinery, processing most of this amount. Geographic data show that operations within 20km of the industrial area receive over 90% of residuals exiting facility gates. Two-thirds of this amount goes directly to other economic actors for reuse. This study makes key contributions to the literature in distinguishing how particular types of materials are reused in different ways, the geographic extent of symbiotic activities and the important role of the informal sector in industrial waste management in industrializing regions.

Journal Title: Resources, Conservation and Recycling Volume: 54 Edition: Page Numbers: 1278-1287
Inflicting Pain for Gain: Insights on the Spam Problem
Author(s): ; Siva Balasubramanian

Spam – or unsolicited commercial email – is a widespread problem. This study focuses on the implications of spam through the lens of marketing. We develop a model framework that draws on economic theory and regulatory literature to depict perceptions about cost effectiveness and government control as the drivers of customers’ perceived spam intensity, with privacy invasion as the outcome. The framework is empirically tested using a partial least square (PLS) methodology. Results indicate that cost effectiveness is a significant predictor of consumers’ perceptions of spam intensity while government policy is not. Government policy, however, has a negative influence on recipients’ perception of privacy invasion. We discuss related implications for firms, consumers, public policy and future research.

Journal Title: Innovative Marketing Volume: 1 Edition: 5 Page Numbers: 72-80
Managing performance expectations of industrial symbiosis
Author(s): Weslynne Ashton

Firms collaborate on environmental management issues for number of reasons including cost reduction, risk sharing and managing competition. Industrial symbiosis represents a voluntary collaborative approach among firms in geographic proximity. Companies participating in industrial symbiosis have been found to improve their individual economic and environmental performance, while the regions where they are located are thought to benefit through enhanced environmental quality. But too few studies have actually investigated whether this is always the case. This paper considers a single case on the island of Puerto Rico, where several firms in a predominantly pharmaceutical manufacturing cluster participated in symbiosis initiatives for several decades. It examines whether early stage symbiotic activities, specifically a shared utility, met technical performance and community expectations for improved environmental quality. Results suggest that collaboration does not necessarily lead to expected environmental performance goals. The paper details the circumstances that led to under-performance of the initiative and the lessons for symbiosis projects in general.

Journal Title: Business Strategy & the Environment Volume: DOI: 10.1002/bse.696 (still in early view/online only) Edition: Page Numbers:
Weak links in the supply chain: measuring fragility and sutainabilty
Author(s): Joel Goldhar; George P. Nassos

There is significant anecdotal evidence of increasing global supply chain fargility; and, for this reason, robustness and operational sustainability are of notable concern to senior executives. Though the issues are myriad, four factors dominate these concerns; increasing complexity of products, processes, and technologies, increasing sturctural complexity of supply chains, increasing diversity and gloabl nature of business systems, and the environmental costs and impacts of extended supply chains. This paper aims to focus on these factors.

Journal Title: Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management Volume: 2 Edition: 20 Page Numbers: 161-177